女性授权:法律书籍中的女性-法律图书馆-电子游戏软件-电子游戏软件

展品

This exhibit was inspired by the 100th anniversary in August 2020 of the ratification of the 19th Amendment, 给了一些——虽然肯定不是全部——美国妇女选举权. 在结婚纪念日前的那个夏天, 珍本图书馆长劳雷尔·戴维斯, Mary Bilder教授, and Associate Law Librarian Helen Lacouture went digging into our special collections to find lawbooks with imprints featuring women printers and booksellers.

Historian Maureen Bell writes that “the existence of the man effectively blots out any record of activity by the woman” regardless of her involvement. 因此, it typically was only after the death or incapacity of a printer or bookseller husband (or other male relative) that women’s names appeared on title pages. 另外, 书的印记通常只使用首字母, 这使得人们很难识别传统的女性名字. 尽管有这些挑战，我们还是被我们的发现所折服!

The exhibit covers around 20 female printers and booksellers and reaches back 500 years. 通过我们收藏的几十本书, we explore this fascinating industry where some women were able to gain a foothold and thrive professionally, 甚至可以追溯到16世纪早期. 你将了解创业寡妇, 印刷家庭中的女性, 法律专利, 文具公司, 伟大的法律印刷师伊丽莎白·纳特, 和更多的.

The exhibit was curated by 月桂戴维斯 and Mary Bilder教授 and will remain on view through Spring 2021. 由于COVID-19的限制, the 珍本书室 is generally open only to members of the law school community and visitors who go through the university’s clearance protocols. 目前的工作时间是周一到周五上午9点.m. - 5:00 p.是的，不过它们可能会有变化. 联系月桂戴维斯如有任何疑问. 请欣赏下面的图片，以及展览目录. 请关注法律图书馆Instagram上的视频， @bclawlibrary.

格列高利九世敕令. 巴黎:在克洛德·谢瓦隆的遗孀夏洛特·吉亚尔的店里 . . . 1550.

The printers guilds in Paris and London allowed a woman to take over a printing business after her husband’s death. 寡妇可以登记印刷书籍的权利, 雇佣学徒, 依法印刷专利, 并且像她丈夫一样经营公司. These rules allowed women a path into a profession that typically would be off-limits. 夏洛特·吉拉德是第一个出版法律书籍的女性, 1519年版的查士丁尼《学理. 她是两个印刷书商的遗孀，贝特霍尔德·伦博特. 1518- 1519)和Claude Chevallon (d. 1537). Guillard eventually blended their printing devices to create her own device, shown here, with “C.G."靠近中心".

迈克尔·H的礼物. Hoeflich
威廉·拉斯特尔，《主菜集》. [伦敦]:In aedibus Iane Yetsweirt relictae Caroli Yetsweirt [1596].

尤其是在英语图书行业, members of 文具公司 (the printers’ guild) would register their “copy” (i.e. 他们出版作品的权利). 法律印刷则不同. 国王或王后的印刷厂拥有印刷法令的专有权. And the Crown would grant a monopoly to specific printers in the form of a patent to print the common law. 这个印记中的拉丁短语的意思是“在简·耶茨韦特的商店里”, 已故查尔斯·耶茨威特的遗孀.简已故的丈夫在1593年获得了普通法的印刷专利. Jane’s name appears on a dozen imprints between Charles’s 1595 death and her surrender of 法律专利 in 1597.
爱德华可口可乐, 英国法律电子游戏正规平台所第四部分, 关于法院的管辖权. 伦敦:约翰·斯特里特，亨利·特威福德，伊丽莎白·弗莱舍印刷 . . . 1671.

This beautifully printed book came from a partnership involving Elizabeth Flesher, 詹姆斯·弗莱舍的遗孀. 1670). Like many women printers, Elizabeth took over the shop after her husband’s death. 她经营这家公司直到1688年. Elizabeth grew up around the book trade, as her father was a London bookseller. Two of her other imprints are also featured in this exhibit - a 1673 printing of Glanville’s Tractatus de Legibus and a 1676 volume of case reports.

弗兰克威廉姆斯奥利弗的礼物
迈克尔·道尔顿，国家正义. 伦敦:H. Sawbridge,年代. 罗伊克罗夫特和W. 罗林斯 . . . 1682.

由于尺寸太大，这个大型作品集实际上并没有在展览中展出, 但汉娜·索布里奇的其他作品都是. 从1681年她丈夫去世到1686年她自己去世, 汉娜以印刷商或书商的身份出现在50多本书上. 在我们的藏品中，我们已经确定了其中的五个. 没有一张是她的全名——每张都写着“H”. 索布里奇，”说明了忽视她是多么容易. 其他打印机也面临着类似的挑战, so we likely have overlooked women involved in the creation of other books in the collection.
塞缪尔·冯·普芬多夫，《电子游戏正规平台》. 伦敦:为R字母印刷. Sare R. Bonwicke T. 古德温,1717.

“R. 在这本书的印刷上列出的是书商丽贝卡·邦威克, 在一个消息来源中，他被误认为是“奥巴马先生”. R. 邦威克，即将在圣. 保罗的教堂墓园.” Other sources describe Rebecca as an astute businessperson who formed a printer/bookseller collaboration (known as a “conger”) with other women in the trade. This use of initials (along with the lack of named printers in books like this one) shows how hard it can be to identify the presence of women in the early book trade.

丹尼尔·R的礼物. Coquillette
贾尔斯·雅各布，《电子游戏软件》. 伦敦:伊莉兹印刷. 纳特(J .执行官. 纳特，爱德华·塞耶先生的受让人.), 1716.

伊丽莎白·纳特(c. 1666-1746) was a force within the London book and newspaper trades for decades in the 18th century. She was known for pushing for freedom of the press and frequently found herself in jail for printing items that displeased government officials. 1730年的搜查令, 纳特和印刷商安·多德和安·史密斯被指控“出版两个虚假的。, 诽谤性和煽动性的诽谤”(玛格丽特·亨特), ”小贩, 主要是, 和汞”). 像许多女性印刷工一样，伊丽莎白·纳特在丈夫去世后接手了印刷厂. John Nutt died the year this book was printed, leaving her as executrix of his estate.
威廉·霍金斯，《电子游戏软件》第一部分节录. 在萨沃伊[伦敦]:E .印刷. 和R. 纳特和R. 高斯林,1725.

印刷和图书销售企业往往是家族经营, 与配偶, 兄弟姐妹, 父母, 孩子们并肩工作. R. 这个印记上的纳特是伊丽莎白·纳特的儿子理查德. 他于1722年上船. Elizabeth also ran multiple newspaper and pamphlet outlets in London with her daughters, 爱丽丝, 凯瑟琳, 和莎拉, who sometimes were arrested alongside their mother in various censorship disputes or had to mind the shops while she was in custody.

丹尼尔·R的礼物. Coquillette
女皈依者论:或者，女士的法律. 在萨沃伊[伦敦]:E .印刷. 和R. 纳特和R. 高斯林,1732.

Of the handful of books in our collection that specifically focus on women and the law, 三张印有伊丽莎白·纳特的图案. 这本书探讨了保护主义, 在这种情况下，妻子在结婚时失去了合法身份. 另外两本书是杰弗里·吉尔伯特爵士的《电子游戏正规平台》(伦敦), 1734)和《电子游戏软件》, 《电子游戏软件》(伦敦, 1738). Many of the legal concepts discussed in these books would have affected Elizabeth Nutt personally, first as a married woman and then as a widow administering her deceased husband’s estate and running the family business.
马修·培根，《电子游戏正规平台》. 伦敦:E .印刷. 理查森和C. Lintot 1762.

This book is one of our favorites because it features two women on the imprint: Elizabeth (Leake) Richardson, who was born into a printing family herself and then inherited her printer husband’s business after his 1761 death; and Catharine Lintot, 伊丽莎白的丈夫塞缪尔和他一起拥有印刷法律书籍的专利. 凯瑟琳从父亲那里继承了一个有几十年历史的家族企业, 包括价值30英镑的法律专利,000. She printed about a dozen law books before marrying and retiring from the business by 1768.

詹姆斯·S的礼物. 罗杰斯
杰弗里·吉尔伯特爵士，《电子游戏软件》. Dublin: Printed for Sarah Cotter under Dick’s Coffee-House in Skinner Row, 1754.

Sarah Cotter began appearing on imprints in 1751 following the death of Joseph Cotter. 图书目录上说她是他的亲戚，但不是他的遗孀. She probably was his daughter or sister and became a huge figure in the Dublin book trade, 专门从事法律书籍的印刷和销售. 萨拉的广告定期出现在都柏林的报纸上. We love the descriptions of the physical locations of bookshops in old imprints. 早在爱书人在导航应用中输入地址之前, 他们会被指向像迪克咖啡馆这样的地标, 圣乔治旁边的标志. 邓斯坦的教堂，或者圣. 保罗的墓地.
黑石法律宣传册. 都柏林:为伊丽莎白·沃茨印刷，1767年.

Another prolific Dublin printer and bookseller was Elizabeth Watts, widow of Richard Watts. 这本书出版后不久，她就嫁给了书商Rev. 斯图尔特(merrill Lynch). 她以伊丽莎白·林奇的名字印刷和销售书籍，直到1794年去世, 她的儿子亨利和他的遗孀继承了她的王位. Elizabeth is listed as a bookseller on a volume of chancery reports printed by Sarah Cotter in 1765; both women specialized in law books and operated on the same Dublin street. 书中没有列出印刷商，但有可能是莎拉.
Elie Vallette，马里兰州的副委员指南. 安·凯瑟琳·格林印刷 & 安纳波利斯(1774年.

女性也参与了早期的美国图书贸易. 事实上，在今天的美国，第一台印刷机.S. (墨西哥在一个世纪前就有了印刷机)来到剑桥, 1639年在伊丽莎白·格洛弗的照料下, 丈夫在从英国来的途中去世了. Ann Catharine Green was the official printer for the province of Maryland from 1767 until 1775. 她颁布了马里兰州的法律, 其他政府官方刊物, 空白法律表格, 还有一份报纸. 安的儿子和孙子也在这家印刷厂工作.
罗伯特·W的审判. 休斯顿. 费城:莉迪亚R印刷. 贝利,1817.

莉迪亚·贝利在19世纪的大部分时间里都是费城的一名印刷工. 1808年丈夫罗伯特去世后，她接管了家族的印刷厂. She served as the official City 打印机 for 20 years, printing ordinances and agency reports. 她也出版小说, 宗教教义, 和诗歌, 包括她寄给詹姆斯·麦迪逊和托马斯·杰斐逊的收藏品. Printing historian Leona Hudak states that “the high quality of her printing was universally recognized.莉迪亚和她的儿子威廉一起工作，直到1861年82岁退休. 她于1869年去世，享年90岁.